Justiça Marco Aurélio determina soltura de condenados em 2ª instância

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O ministro Marco Aurélio Mello, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), proferiu hoje (19) uma liminar (decisão provisória) determinando a soltura de todos os presos que tiveram a condenação confirmada pela segunda instância da Justiça.

A decisão foi proferida em uma das três ações declaratórias de constitucionalidade (ADC´s) relatadas por Marco Aurélio sobre o assunto. O pedido de liminar havia sido feito pelo PCdoB. 

Na decisão, o ministro resolveu “determinar a suspensão de execução de pena cuja decisão a encerrá-la ainda não haja transitado em julgado, bem assim a libertação daqueles que tenham sido presos”. Isso significa que se possuir algum recurso ainda passível de análise em instâncias superiores, como o Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) ou o próprio STF, o condenado pode solicitar sua soltura. Marco Aurélio ressalvou, porém, que aqueles que se enquadrem nos critérios de prisão preventiva previstos no Código de Processo Penal devem permanecer presos. 

A liminar pode beneficiar milhares de presos pelo país, entre eles o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, preso desde 7 de abril na Superintendência da Polícia Federal do Paraná. Condenado por corrupção e lavagem de dinheiro no âmbito da Lava Jato, no caso do triplex, Lula teve sua condenação confirmada pelo Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF4), segunda instância da Justiça Federal, com sede em Porto Alegre.

Poucos minutos após a decisão de Marco Aurélio, a defesa de Lula entrou com pedido na Vara de Execuções Penais (VEP) responsável pela prisão do ex-presidente, solicitando sua imediata soltura.

Após a divulgação da liminar, a PGR informou já estudar um recurso contra a decisão. Nesse caso, o pedido deve ser encaminhado diretamente para a presidência do STF. 

Julgamento

O julgamento sobre o tema foi marcado nesta semana pelo presidente do STF, ministro Dias Toffoli, para 10 de abril de 2019. Marco Aurélio, entretanto, afirmou que liberou o processo para julgamento desde 19 de abril deste ano, e que a matéria não poderia aguardar até o ano que vem.

O ministro justificou sua decisão “tendo em vista a impossibilidade de imediato enfrentamento da matéria pelo Colegiado [plenário] em virtude do encerramento do segundo semestre judiciário de 2018 e, via de consequência, do início do período de recesso”. Ele acrescentou que “está-se diante de quadro a exigir pronta atuação”. Ele acrescentou estar pronto para julgar o assunto em plenário em 1º de fevereiro.

Entre seus argumentos, Marco Aurélio citou o Artigo 5º da Constituição, segundo o qual “ninguém será considerado culpado até o trânsito em julgado de sentença penal condenatória”. Na visão do ministro, isso significa que enquanto houver possibilidade da concessão de algum recurso, ninguém deve começar a cumprir pena. “A literalidade do preceito não deixa margem para dúvidas”, afirmou.

“Ao tomar posse neste Tribunal, há 28 anos, jurei cumprir a Constituição Federal, observar as leis do país, e não a me curvar a pronunciamento que, diga-se, não tem efeito vinculante. De qualquer forma, está-se no Supremo, última trincheira da Cidadania, se é que continua sendo”, escreveu o ministro.

2ª instância

O entendimento atual do Supremo permite a prisão após condenação em segunda instância, mesmo que ainda seja possível recorrer a instâncias superiores. Essa compreensão foi estabelecida em 2016 de modo provisório, com apertado placar de 6 a 5. Na ocasião, foi modificada jurisprudência que vinha sendo adotada desde 2009.

Quando o tema retornar ao plenário, é possível que o quadro mude, uma vez que houve a substituição de um integrante do STF – Alexandre de Moraes entrou no lugar de Teori Zavascki – e porque alguns ministros já declararam ter mudado de posição, como Gilmar Mendes, por exemplo.

O plenário do STF não tomou decisão em definitivo, numa ação de controle constitucional, sobre o mérito da questão. O assunto é polêmico no meio jurídico, sendo alvo de questionamento, por exemplo, da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB).

Para a entidade representativa dos advogados, a prisão em segunda instância não poderia ocorrer por entrar em conflito com a presunção de inocência, que deveria durar até o trânsito em julgado das ações penais – quando não é mais possível recorrer a instâncias superiores.

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